System and method for air-pollutant source-localization using parked motor vehicles

ABSTRACT

A method for localizing the source of air pollution that includes receiving pollution data from a network in communication with at least one air pollution sensor that is connected to at least one motor vehicle in a stationary position. Each stationary motor vehicle of the network is positioned at a different air pollution measurement location. The method may further include determining from the pollution data an origin of an air pollutant using an air pollution model provided by a pollutant source localization device including at least one hardware processor.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to determining the location of airpollution sources, and more particularly to measuring air pollutionsources using sensors fixed to motor vehicles.

2. Description of the Related Art

Recently, air pollution at the center of a city or on main roads is onthe rise due to increases in motor vehicle traffic. Air pollution is amixture of solid particles and gases in the air. Car emissions,chemicals from factories, dust, and pollen and mold spores may besuspended as particles. Ozone, a gas, is a major part of air pollutionin cities. When ozone forms air pollution, it's also called smog. Atpresent, nations and local governments operate air pollution monitoringstations in order to monitor air pollution levels.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method ofdetermining sources of air pollution in a given location, such as acity. In one embodiment, a method for measuring the source of airpollution is provided that includes receiving pollution data from anetwork in communication with at least one air pollution sensor that isconnected to at least one motor vehicle in a stationary position. Eachstationary motor vehicle in the network is positioned at a different airpollution measurement location. In some embodiments, the methodsdetermine from the pollution data a location of an air pollutant originusing an air pollution model describing at least one of diffusion andadvection of gasses provided by a pollutant source localization deviceincluding at least one hardware processor.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, a system for determiningthe source of an air pollutant is provided that may include a networkfor receiving pollution data on at least one air pollutant from aplurality of stationary motor vehicles at different air qualitymeasuring locations. The pollution data is provided by a plurality ofsensors integrated into the stationary motor vehicles. The system mayfurther include a pollutant source localization device including atleast one hardware processor that is configured to produce an airpollution model describing at least one of diffusion and advection ofgasses, wherein integrating the pollution data into the air pollutionmodel provides an origin of a pollutant source for the at least one airpollutant.

In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a computer programproduct is provided that includes a non-transitory computer readablestorage medium having computer readable program code embodied thereinfor determining a source of air pollution. In some embodiments, themethod executed by the computer program product may include receivingpollution data from a network in communication with at least one airpollution sensor that is connected to at least one motor vehicle in astationary position. Each stationary motor vehicle in the network ispositioned at a different air pollution measurement location. In someembodiments, the methods determine from the pollution data a location ofan air pollutant origin using an air pollution model describing at leastone of diffusion and advection of gasses provided by a pollutant sourcelocalization device.

These and other features and advantages will become apparent from thefollowing detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof,which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The disclosure will provide details in the following description ofpreferred embodiments with reference to the following figures wherein:

FIG. 1 depicts a cloud computing node according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 2 depicts a cloud computing environment according to an embodimentof the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 depicts abstraction model layers according to an embodiment ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a system for determining the source of anair pollutant using at least one stationary motor vehicle, in accordancewith one embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a block/flow diagram depicting one embodiment of a method ofdetermining the source of an air pollutant using air pollution sensorsmounted to at least one stationary motor vehicle, in accordance with oneembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a system for determining the source of anair pollutant, in accordance with one embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Detailed embodiments of the claimed methods, structures and computerproducts are disclosed herein, however, it is to be understood that thedisclosed embodiments are merely illustrative of the claimed structuresand methods that may be embodied in various forms. In addition, each ofthe examples given in connection with the various embodiments areintended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Further, the figuresare not necessarily to scale, some features may be exaggerated to showdetails of particular components. Therefore, specific structural andfunctional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted aslimiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilledin the art to variously employ the methods and structures of the presentdisclosure. Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment” of the present principles, as well as other variationsthereof, means that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, andso forth described in connection with the embodiment is included in atleast one embodiment of the present principles. Thus, the appearances ofthe phrase “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment”, as well any othervariations, appearing in various places throughout the specification arenot necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.

The present disclosure provides for the detection and localization ofsources of air pollution using air pollution sensors in motor vehicles.The mechanism for detecting and localizing sources of air pollution inaccordance with the present disclosure may be a system, a method, and/ora computer program product. The computer program product may include acomputer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readableprogram instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry outaspects of the present disclosure.

The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that canretain and store instructions for use by an instruction executiondevice. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but isnot limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device,an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, asemiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of thecomputer readable storage medium includes the following: a portablecomputer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), aread-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROMor Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portablecompact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD),a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such aspunch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructionsrecorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. Acomputer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construedas being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freelypropagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagatingthrough a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulsespassing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmittedthrough a wire. Therefore, in some embodiments, the computer readablestorage medium may be referred to as being “non-transitory”.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can bedownloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computerreadable storage medium or to an external computer or external storagedevice via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, awide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprisecopper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wirelesstransmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/oredge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in eachcomputing/processing device receives computer readable programinstructions from the network and forwards the computer readable programinstructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium withinthe respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations ofthe present invention may be assembler instructions,instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions,machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions,state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in anycombination of one or more programming languages, including an objectoriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, andconventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C”programming language or similar programming languages. The computerreadable program instructions may execute entirely on the user'scomputer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone softwarepackage, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computeror entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario,the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through anytype of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide areanetwork (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer(for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example,programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), orprogrammable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readableprogram instructions by utilizing state information of the computerreadable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry,in order to perform aspects of the present disclosure.

Aspects of the present disclosure are described herein with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of thedisclosure. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer readable program instructions.

These computer readable program instructions may be provided to aprocessor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, orother programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, suchthat the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computeror other programmable data processing apparatus, create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructionsmay also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can directa computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or otherdevices to function in a particular manner, such that the computerreadable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises anarticle of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects ofthe function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram blockor blocks.

The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto acomputer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other deviceto cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer,other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computerimplemented process, such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement thefunctions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block orblocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods, and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present disclosure. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternativeimplementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of theorder noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in successionmay, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks maysometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon thefunctionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of theblock diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocksin the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implementedby special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specifiedfunctions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardwareand computer instructions.

It is understood that although this disclosure includes a detaileddescription on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recitedherein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather,embodiments of the present disclosure are capable of being implementedin conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known orlater developed.

Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient,on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computingresources (e.g. networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing,memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that canbe rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort orinteraction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may includeat least five characteristics, at least three service models, and atleast four deployment models.

Characteristics are as follows:

On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provisioncomputing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, asneeded automatically without requiring human interaction with theservice's provider.

Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network andaccessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneousthin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs).

Resource pooling: the provider's computing resources are pooled to servemultiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physicaland virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according todemand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumergenerally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of theprovided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher levelof abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter).

Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elasticallyprovisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out andrapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilitiesavailable for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can bepurchased in any quantity at any time.

Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimizeresource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level ofabstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can bemonitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both theprovider and consumer of the utilized service.

Service Models are as follows:

Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer isto use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure.The applications are accessible from various client devices through athin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based e-mail).The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloudinfrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage,or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exceptionof limited user-specific application configuration settings.

Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer isto deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquiredapplications created using programming languages and tools supported bythe provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlyingcloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, orstorage, but has control over the deployed applications and possiblyapplication hosting environment configurations.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to theconsumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and otherfundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy andrun arbitrary software, which can include operating systems andapplications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlyingcloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage,deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networkingcomponents (e.g., host firewalls).

Deployment Models are as follows:

Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for anorganization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party andmay exist on-premises or off-premises.

Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by severalorganizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns(e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and complianceconsiderations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third partyand may exist on-premises or off-premises.

Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the generalpublic or a large industry group and is owned by an organization sellingcloud services.

Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or moreclouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities butare bound together by standardized or proprietary technology thatenables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting forload-balancing between clouds).

A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus onstatelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability.At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure comprising anetwork of interconnected nodes.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a schematic of an example of a cloud computingnode is shown. Cloud computing node 600 is only one example of asuitable cloud computing node, and is not intended to suggest anylimitation as to the scope of use or functionality of embodiments of thepresent disclosure described herein. Regardless, cloud computing node600 is capable of being implemented and/or performing any of thefunctionality set forth hereinabove.

In cloud computing node 600 there is a computer system/server 122, whichis operational with numerous other general purpose or special purposecomputing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-knowncomputing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may besuitable for use with computer system/server 122 include, but are notlimited to, personal computer systems, server computer systems, thinclients, thick clients, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessorsystems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmableconsumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframecomputer systems, and distributed cloud computing environments thatinclude any of the above systems or devices, and the like.

Computer system/server 122 may be described in the general context ofcomputer system-executable instructions, such as program modules, beingexecuted by a computer system. Generally, program modules may includeroutines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and soon that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract datatypes. Computer system/server 122 may be practiced in distributed cloudcomputing environments where tasks are performed by remote processingdevices that are linked through a communications network. In adistributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be locatedin both local and remote computer system storage media including memorystorage devices.

As shown in FIG. 1, computer system/server 122 in cloud computing node600 is shown in the form of a general-purpose computing device. Thecomponents of computer system/server 122 may include, but are notlimited to, one or more processors or processing units 116, a systemmemory 128, and a bus 180 that couples various system componentsincluding system memory 128 to processor 116.

Bus 118 represents one or more of any of several types of busstructures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheralbus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus usingany of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and notlimitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture(ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA)bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, andPeripheral Component Interconnects (PCI) bus.

Computer system/server 122 typically includes a variety of computersystem readable media. Such media may be any available media that isaccessible by computer system/server 122, and it includes both volatileand non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media.

System memory 128 can include computer system readable media in the formof volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM) 130 and/or cachememory 132. Computer system/server 122 may further include otherremovable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storagemedia. By way of example only, storage system 134 can be provided forreading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media(not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Although not shown, amagnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable,non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical diskdrive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile opticaldisk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided.In such instances, each can be connected to bus 118 by one or more datamedia interfaces. As will be further depicted and described below,memory 128 may include at least one program product having a set (e.g.,at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out thefunctions of embodiments of the methods, systems and computer programproducts disclosure herein.

Program/utility 140, having a set (at least one) of program modules 142,may be stored in memory 128 by way of example, and not limitation, aswell as an operating system, one or more application programs, otherprogram modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one ormore application programs, other program modules, and program data orsome combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networkingenvironment. Program modules 142 generally carry out the functionsand/or methodologies of embodiments of the invention as describedherein. For example, the program modules 142 may carry out the functionsand/or methodologies of the pollution data receiving module 901, and thepollution source localization module 902, which are described below withreference to FIGS. 4-6.

Computer system/server 122 may also communicate with one or moreexternal devices 140 such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display240, etc.; one or more devices that enable a user to interact withcomputer system/server 122; and/or any devices (e.g., network card,modem, etc.) that enable computer system/server 122 to communicate withone or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur viaInput/Output (I/O) interfaces 220. Still yet, computer system/server 122can communicate with one or more networks such as a local area network(LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g.,the Internet) via network adapter 200. As depicted, network adapter 200communicates with the other components of computer system/server 122 viabus 180. It should be understood that although not shown, other hardwareand/or software components could be used in conjunction with computersystem/server 122. Examples, include, but are not limited to: microcode,device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays,RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc.

Referring now to FIG. 2, illustrative cloud computing environment 50 isdepicted. As shown, cloud computing environment 50 comprises one or morecloud computing nodes 100 with which local computing devices used bycloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA)or cellular telephone 54A, desktop computer 54B, laptop computer 54C,and/or automobile computer system 54N may communicate. The automobilecomputer system 54N may include an interface with the air pollutionsensors employed to measure the air pollution data for localizing thesource of air pollutants in accordance with the methods and systemsdescribed with reference to FIGS. 4-6.

Referring to FIG. 2, the nodes 100 may communicate with one another.They may be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or morenetworks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds asdescribed hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloudcomputing environment 50 to offer infrastructure, platforms and/orsoftware as services for which a cloud consumer does not need tomaintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood thatthe types of computing devices 54A-N shown in FIG. 2 are intended to beillustrative only and that computing nodes 100 and cloud computingenvironment 50 can communicate with any type of computerized device overany type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using aweb browser).

Referring now to FIG. 3, a set of functional abstraction layers providedby cloud computing environment 50 (FIG. 2) is shown. It should beunderstood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shownin FIG. 3 are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of thesystems, methods and computer program are not limited thereto. Asdepicted, the following layers and corresponding functions are provided:

Hardware and software layer 60 includes hardware and softwarecomponents. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes 61; RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers 62;servers 63; blade servers 64; storage devices 65; and networks andnetworking components 66. In some embodiments, software componentsinclude network application server software 67 and database software 68.

Virtualization layer 70 provides an abstraction layer from which thefollowing examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers71; virtual storage 72; virtual networks 73, including virtual privatenetworks; virtual applications and operating systems 74; and virtualclients 75.

In one example, management layer 80 may provide the functions describedbelow. Resource provisioning 81 provides dynamic procurement ofcomputing resources and other resources that are utilized to performtasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing 82provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloudcomputing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of theseresources. In one example, these resources may comprise applicationsoftware licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloudconsumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources.User portal 83 provides access to the cloud computing environment forconsumers and system administrators. Service level management 84provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such thatrequired service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planningand fulfillment 85 provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of,cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipatedin accordance with an SLA.

Workloads layer 90 provides examples of functionality for which thecloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads andfunctions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping andnavigation 91; software development and lifecycle management 92; virtualclassroom education delivery 93; data analytics processing 94;transaction processing 95; and secure communication processing 96. Thesecure communication processing 96 provided by workload layer 90 mayinclude functions and/or methodologies of the pollution data receivingmodule 901, and the pollution source localization module 902, which aredescribed below with reference to FIGS. 4-6.

Typically, an air pollutant is a substance in the air that can haveadverse effects on humans and the ecosystem. The substance can be solidparticles, liquid droplets, or gases. A pollutant can be of naturalorigin or man-made. Pollutants are classified as primary or secondary.Primary pollutants are usually produced from a process, in whichexamples include carbon monoxide gas from motor vehicle exhaust, or thesulfur dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are notemitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutantsreact or interact. Ground level ozone is a prominent example of asecondary pollutant. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary:they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.

One example of a primary pollutant produced by human activity is sulfuroxides (SO_(x)). In particular, sulfur dioxide, i.e., a chemicalcompound with the formula SO₂, is produced by various industrialprocesses. Further, coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds,and their combustion generates sulfur dioxide. Additionally, oxidationof SO₂, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO₂, forms H₂SO₄.Another example of a primary pollutant is nitrogen oxide, which can havethe chemical formula NO_(x). Nitrogen oxides, particularly nitrogendioxide (NO₂), can expelled from high temperature combustion. Yet,another example of a primary pollutant is carbon monoxide (CO). In someexamples, carbon monoxide can be the byproduct of incomplete combustionof fuel, such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a majorsource of carbon monoxide. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are anotherform of primary pollutant, which can be categorized as either methane(CH₄) or non-methane (NMVOCs). Methane is an extremely efficientgreenhouse gas that contributes to enhance global warming. Otherhydrocarbon VOCs are also significant greenhouse gases, because of theirrole in creating ozone and prolonging the life of methane in theatmosphere. The aromatic NMVOCs benzene, toluene and xylene are alsoexamples of air pollutants. 1,3-butadiene is another dangerous compoundoften associated with industrial use. Other examples of primarypollutants include particulate matter (PM), atmospheric particulatematter, or fine particles, which are tiny particles of solid or liquidsuspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers to combined particlesand gas. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels invehicles, power plants and various industrial processes also generatesignificant amounts of aerosols. Other examples of primary pollutantsinclude persistent free radicals; toxic metals, such as mercury andlead; chlorofluorocarbons; ammonia; odors, such as from garbage, sewage,and industrial processes; radioactive pollutants and any combinationthereof.

Secondary pollutants may include particulates created from gaseousprimary pollutants and compounds in photochemical smog. Smog is a oneform of secondary air pollution. Smog can result from large amounts ofcoal burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide.Modern smog does not usually come from coal, but from vehicular andindustrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by ultravioletlight from the sun to form secondary pollutants that also combine withthe primary emissions to form photochemical smog. Secondary pollutantsmay further include ground level ozone (O₃) that can be formed fromNO_(x) and VOCs. Ozone (O₃) is a key constituent of the troposphere.Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is another pollutant that is similarly formedfrom NO_(x) and VOCs. Minor air pollutants that can also be detected bythe systems, methods and computer products disclosed herein can includeany number of minor hazardous air pollutants, such as persistent organicpollutants. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compoundsthat are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical,biological, and photolytic processes.

The sources of the air pollution detected by the methods, systems andcomputer program products disclosed herein may be anthropogenic(man-made) sources that may be related to the burning of multiple typesof fuel. The sources may be stationary sources that include smokestacks, such as power plants, manufacturing facilities (factories) andwaste incinerators, as well as furnaces and other types of fuel-burningheating devices. The sources of air pollution may be mobile sources,such as motor vehicles, marine vessels, and aircraft. In furtherexamples, the sources of the pollutants can result from controlled burnpractices in agriculture and forest management. Controlled or prescribedburning is a technique sometimes used in forest management, farming,prairie restoration or greenhouse gas abatement. Other sources ofpollutants that can be measured using the methods, systems and computerproducts of the present disclosure include pollutants from fumes frompaint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol sprays and other solvents. Additionsources for air pollution that can be measured by the methods, systemsand computer program products of the present disclosure may includewaste deposition in landfills; military resources; such as nuclearweapons, toxic gases, germ warfare and rocketry; and natural sources.Some examples of natural sources for air pollution generation mayinclude dust, methane, radon gas, smoke and carbon monoxide fromwildfires, VOC emitting vegetation, and volcanic activity.

In some other embodiments, the air pollutant may be natural gas and/orpropane, and the pollutant source may be provided by a natural gasand/or propane leak. Natural gas is a hydrocarbon gas mixture consistingprimarily of methane, but commonly includes varying amounts of otherhigher alkanes and sometimes a usually lesser percentage of carbondioxide, nitrogen, and/or hydrogen sulfide. Propane is a three-carbonalkane with the molecular formula C₃H₈. In these examples, bydetermining the pollutant source, the methods, systems and structuresdisclosed herein may discover the source of natural gas and propaneleaks.

Referring now to FIG. 4, in some embodiments, the disclosed methods,systems and computer program products detect and localize sources of airpollution using sensors in motor vehicles 10. The term “motor vehicle”as used throughout the specification refers to any moving vehicle thatis powered by a form of energy. In some examples, the motor vehicle 10is capable of carrying one or more human occupants. The term “motorvehicle” includes, but is not limited to: cars, trucks, vans, minivans,sport utility vehicles (SUVs), motor cycles, scooters, boats, personalwatercraft and aircraft, such as drones. The form of energy may beprovided by an engine. The term “engine” as used throughout thespecification refers to any device or machine that is capable ofconverting energy. In some cases, potential energy is converted tokinetic energy. For example, energy conversion can include a situationwhere the chemical potential energy of a fuel or fuel cell is convertedinto rotational kinetic energy or where electrical potential energy isconverted into rotational kinetic energy. Engines can also includeprovisions for convening kinetic energy into potential energy. Forexample, some engines include regenerative braking systems where kineticenergy from a drivetrain is converted into potential energy. Someexamples of engines include, but are not limited to: internal combustionengines, electric motors, solar energy converters, turbines, nuclearpower plants, and hybrid systems that combine two or more differenttypes of energy conversion processes.

In some embodiments, the motor vehicles 10 include a number of airpollution sensors 15 for detecting and localizing sources 20 (alsoreferred to as pollution sources) of air pollution 25. Morespecifically, as will be described in further detail below, the presentdisclosure provides a system of air pollution sensors 15 mounted onmotor vehicles, which are capable of reporting the pollution data to acentral unit, e.g., pollutant source localization device 35. Thepollutant source localization device 35 may be interconnected withsensors 15 through a network 30. As illustrated in FIG. 5, in someembodiments of the method of the present disclosure, the method maybegin at step 101 with providing at least one motor vehicle 10 having atleast one air pollution sensor 15 connected thereto. The air pollutionsensors 15 are for measuring pollution data, and can be mounted to themotor vehicles 10 using any means possible, e.g., mechanically,adhesively, or the sensors 15 may be multi-function and provide anadditional measurement for the functioning of the motor vehicle 10, orsystem within the motor vehicle 10, that is not used in the systems,methods, and computer program products disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the air pollution sensors 15 may also provide wind data tobe measured at the location where the motor vehicle is measuring the airpollution data. It is not necessary that the air pollution sensors 15measure wind data, because wind data may be measured from separatesensors integrated into the motor vehicle, as well as be provided byanother source, such as a weather model that is run alongside theadvection-diffusion partial differential equation (PDE) model describedbelow.

The term “pollution data” denotes a characterization of pollution inair. For example, pollution data may include a measurement of aircomposition including a pollutant composition and a concentration ofpollutant in air. In some embodiments, the system of air pollutionsensors 15 may be mounted on motor vehicles 10, in which the airpollution sensors 15 are capable of measuring pollution data, such aspollutant concentration, in the vicinity of the motor vehicle 10, aswell as providing data on the location of the motor vehicle 10 reportingthe pollution data, and the time at which the pollution data was taken,as depicted in FIG. 4. As depicted in FIG. 4, each of the plurality ofmotor vehicles 10 may be positioned at different pollution measurementlocations throughout a site for measuring pollution data, such as anarea surrounding a building, a town, a county, a state, a nation or acombination thereof.

An air pollution sensor 15 that is suitable for use with the presentdisclosure may include a sensing element, i.e., active element, that isexposed to the air being monitored and sensor circuitry or othercomponents required for operation of the sensor 15. In one embodiment,air pollution sensors 15 that are suitable for being mounted to a motorvehicle 10, and for measuring air pollution data, may include gassensors. In some examples, the air pollution sensors 15 may include oneor more sensors to detect gases, such as ozone (O₃), sulfur dioxide(SO₂), carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), TotalVOC's), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), ammonia, air acidityor alkalinity, specific VOC's such as formaldehyde, or any other gasesthat have been described above for air pollution, i.e., primary andsecondary air pollutants. While these particles can range in size, theyare typically characterized into one of two groups. A standard for PM10particles has been established to provide protection for effectsassociated with thoracic coarse particles having diameters up to 10micrometers. “Fine particles” are defined as being up to 2.5 micrometersin diameter.

In some embodiments, when the air pollution sensors 15 are beingemployed to detect the presence of carbon monoxide (CO) includingpollutants the sensing element of the sensor 15 may be anelectrochemical cell type or a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) type. Insome embodiments, when the sensors 15 are being employed to detect thepresence of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), the sensor element of the sensor 15may be a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS). In some embodiments, when thesensors 15 are being employed to detect the presence of ozone (O₃), thesensor element of the sensor 15 may be a UV adsorption active element,metal semiconductor oxide (MOS), electrochemical cell, light scattering(mass concentration type) sensor element, light scattering (laserparticle counter) sensor element or a combination thereof.

One example of a sensor 15 including a metal oxide semiconductor sensingelement includes a Series 500 air pollution sensor available fromAeroqual ltd. One example of a sensor 15 including an electrochemicalcell includes a High-Resolution CO Measurer Model T15v available fromLangan, Inc. (using DataBear measuring). One example of a sensor 15 thatemploys UV adsorption to measure air pollutants is model 202 detectoravailable from 2B Technologies Inc. (FEM EQOA-0410190). One example of asensor 15 that employs an electrochemical cell as the active sensingelement of the sensor 15 can be provided by OMC-1108 ozone monitor. Someexamples of sensors 15 that employs an electrochemical cell as theactive sensing element of the sensor 15 can be provided by a lightscattering/mass concentration active element can be provided by 831Aerosol Mass Monitor available from Met One Instruments Inc., orPersonal DataRAM, Model pDR 1500 from Thermo Scientific Inc. One exampleof a sensor 15 that employs a light scattering/mass concentration activeelement can be provided by DC1100 Air Quality Monitor available fromDylos Corp. One example of a sensor 15 that employs a light adsorptionactive element, e.g., for measuring black carbon (soot), can be providedby microAeth® Model AE51 available from AethLabs.

In some examples, in addition to the sensing element, i.e., activeelement, of the air pollution sensor 15, the sensor 15 may furtherinclude a control unit. The control unit stores the air qualityparameter data measured by the sensors. The control unit may include acentral computer and controller that controls the functions of the airmonitoring unit, i.e., sensing element. Those functions may include, butare not limited to, controlling the flow of air through sensor elementand acquisition of sensor data, storage of sensor data in some type ofnonvolatile memory or storage media, processing sensor data to provideair quality information and communicating with a remotely locatedcontrol center, such as across a network. A local display may beprovided on the sensor 15, or the motor vehicle 10 to which the sensor15 is mounted. In some embodiment, the control unit of the sensor 15 canperform data logging while keeping track of different locations of anair sampling sequence.

In some embodiments, the air pollution sensors 15 may incorporate aGlobal Positioning System (GPS) system. The GPS system may beincorporated into the air pollution sensor 15 itself, or the airpollution sensor 15 may utilize the GPS system of the motor vehicle 10that the sensor 15 is mounted too. This allows the precise location ofthe sensor 15, and the pollution data monitored by the sensor 15, to bedetermined.

The sensors 15 may also include a motion controller to ensure that thesensors 15 are turned off, i.e., are not making pollution measurements,and to turn the sensors 15 on when the motor vehicle 10 that the sensor15 is mounted to is parked, i.e., stationary. This ensures thatpollution measurements are not taken when the motor vehicle 10 istravelling.

It is noted that the methods and systems of the present disclosuretypically employ both pollution data and wind data to provide theposition at which air pollutants are being generated, i.e., originated.The wind data is not necessarily sensed by the motor vehicles 10 thatmeasure the air pollution data. The wind data may be generated by aweather model, which can be run alongside the advection-diffusionpartial differential equation (PDE) model described below.

Referring to FIG. 5, in some embodiments, the method of determining asource 20 of air pollution 25 includes statically positioning motorvehicles 10 in areas in which air pollution 25 is to be measured at step102, as depicted in FIG. 4. The term “statically positioned” means thatthe motor vehicle is not moving. For example, the motor vehicle 10 maybe parked, as opposed to travelling at speed from a first location to asecond location. Any number of motor vehicles 10 may be employed in thesystem to provide a network of sensors 15 that are positioned formeasuring air pollution 25. For example, 10 to 10,000 motor vehicles maybe employed in the systems, methods, and computer products of thepresent disclosure to provide the network of sensors for determiningpollution sources. In another example, 100 to 1,000 motor vehicles maybe employed in the systems, methods, and computer products of thepresent disclosure for determining pollution sources. The motor vehiclesmay be positioned around any potential source 20 of air pollution 25. Insome examples, the source 20 of air pollution 25 may be a gas leak froma natural gas line.

Data sent from the sensor 15 may include sensor data, air qualityinformation derived from the sensor data, wind data, location dataand/or any other data required for operation of the system. The systems,methods and computer products of the present disclosure may include anetwork 30 that the air pollution sensors 15 mounted to the motorvehicles 10 may communicate with. The network 30 for providingcommunication between the motor vehicles 10 including the air pollutionsensors 15 and a pollutant source localization device 35 that isconfigured to calculate from said pollution data an origin of an airpollutant, i.e., pollution source 20 of air pollution 25. For example,the pollution source 20 may be a gas leak from a natural gas line.

Referring to FIG. 5, in some embodiments, the method of determining thelocation of the source of air pollutants using air pollution sensors 15applied to stationary motor vehicles 10 may continue with step 103 withproviding a network 30 to receive air pollution data from the airpollution sensors 15 on the plurality of motor vehicles 10. Referring toFIG. 4, in some embodiments, the network 30 is a wireless network thatemploys the internet. For example, the network 30 may employ a localwireless connection involving a 900 MHz spread spectrum or othertransmission technique commonly used in cordless phones. This techniqueutilizes a base unit transceiver that connects to a local phone line andanother transceiver in the motor vehicle 10 and/or air pollution sensors15. When the sensors 15 need to send or receive data, the unit checksthe phone line to determine if it is busy, and if not the unit makes acall and sends or receives data through a local Internet ServiceProvider (ISP). Another method is to use a cellular phone to directlyaccess a local or remote ISP. Finally, the air monitoring unit mayconnect to a building control system, e.g., via a WiFi connection, whichis connected to the Internet to provide data to the building controlsystem for use by this system and to connect to the Internet. It will beunderstood that any method of connection to the Internet may be used.

The Internet may be used to transmit information between the sensors 15that are mounted to the motor vehicles 10 and the pollutant sourcelocalization device 35 to initialize or modify its program, operation,and/or setup based on specific information obtained about the sensors 15that are mounted on the motor vehicles 10 their surrounding environmentand known or suspected air pollution. In some embodiments, The sensors15 measure the concentration of air pollutants 25, tag the pollutiondata with relevant information, such as time, speed and GPS location,and send the data over a cellular data link to a pollutant sourcelocalization device 35, which can be a module on a cloud server, via thenetwork 30, or a server at an operator of the system for determining airpollution sources.

Referring to FIG. 5, in some embodiments, the methods of determining thelocation of the source of air pollutants using sensors 15 applied tostationary motor vehicles 10 may continue at step 104 by determining thesource 20 of an air pollutant from the data taken by the plurality ofsensors 14 and communicated across the network 30 with a pollutantsource localization device 35. Raw pollution data may be processed andaggregated by a pollution data receiving module of the pollutant sourcelocalization device 35. For example, the pollutant source localizationdevice 35 may receive all the data from all of the air pollution sensors15 of the motor vehicles 10 communication with the network 30 to providea pollution map. The pollution map is one example of a method that maybe used to localize a pollution source 20. The pollutant sourcelocalization device 35 also employs wind data for determining the sourceof air pollutants.

In another example, pollution source determining algorithms may beemployed to calculate from the pollution data the pollution source 20using a pollutant source localization module of the pollutant sourcelocalization device 35. The pollution source determining algorithms maytake into account the position of the motor vehicles 10 including thesensors 15 that are measuring the pollution data, as well as the timethat the pollution data is taken, and other environmental factors, suchas wind speed and temperature. The wind field ascertained by the winddata need not be very accurate, only the prevailing wind is assumed tobe known from the data. The component of the wind that is unknown isaccounted for in the algorithm, i.e., advection-diffusion partialdifferential equation (PDE) model described below. This parameter ischanged depending on how accurately the wind field can be known from thedata.

The pollution source determining algorithm may be performed by atangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by aninstruction execution device that includes a hardware processor, such asthe processor of a general purpose computer, or a specially designedcomputer having modules designed to calculate pollutant source data froma plurality of air pollutant sensors 15 mounted to stationary motorvehicles 10 that are positioned at different locations relative to atleast one pollution source across a network 30, or other programmabledata processing apparatus. In other embodiments, the pollution sourcedetermining algorithm may be executed in the cloud computingenvironment, which can comprise at least one or more cloud computingnodes with which local computing devices, such as, for example, personaldigital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone, desktop computer, laptopcomputer, and/or automobile computer system may communicate. The nodesmay communicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown)physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as private,community, public, or hybrid clouds.

In one example, the pollution source determining algorithm may employ aninversion model. The inversion model can be based on Pontryagin maximumprinciple. In this example, the inversion model takes the entire set ofobservations, and optimally constructs an initial condition for thechemistry transport model, which matches the observed data in aleast-squares sense.

In one example, the pollution source determining algorithm may include apartial differential equation (PDE) model that describes the diffusionand advection of gas. Here, PDE modeling refers to the mathematicaldescription of contaminant transport in the atmosphere. The termdispersion in this context is used to describe the combination ofdiffusion (due to turbulent eddy motion) and advection (due to the wind)that occurs within the air near the Earth's surface. The concentrationof a contaminant released into the air may therefore described by theadvection-diffusion equation which is a second-order partialdifferential equation of parabolic type. In some embodiments, thepollution source determining algorithm may be a gas localization methodthat can employ a PDE model describing the diffusion and advection ofgasses carrying pollutants. One example of an advection-diffusion PDEmodel is as follows:

${\frac{\partial C}{\partial t} + {u\frac{\partial C}{\partial x}} + {v\frac{\partial C}{\partial y}} + {w\frac{\partial C}{\partial z}}} = {{K_{x}\frac{\partial^{2}C}{\partial x^{2}}} + {K_{y}\frac{\partial^{2}C}{\partial y^{2}}} + {K_{Z}\frac{\partial^{2}C}{\partial z^{2}}}}$

In which C is a scalar concentration field; x, y, z are spacedimensions, t is a time dimension, u, v and w are the velocities in x-,y- and z-directions (wind speed) respectively, and Kx, Ky, Kz arediffusion coefficients. The pollution source determining algorithm,i.e., the advection-diffusion PDE model, provides an estimate of: 1) thelocalization of air pollution sources; 2) the time at which the emissionof pollution at the source began; and 3) the intensity of the airpollution source (wherein the intensity is some measure ofconcentration).

In this example, each motor vehicle 10 is located at a point in (x, y,z) at time t carries a pollution sensor 15 that communicates values C(x,y, z, t) to the central system, i.e., pollutant source localizationdevice 35. In some embodiments, these sparse measurements ofconcentration can be used together with the PDE model and wind data toestimate the location, start-time and intensity of a pollutant source20. The pollutant source 20 may be stationary sources that include smokestacks, such as power plants, manufacturing facilities (factories) andwaste incinerators, as well as furnaces and other types of fuel-burningheating devices. For example, the pollution source 20 may be a gas leakof a natural gas line. The pollutant source 20 of air pollution may bemobile sources, such as motor vehicles, marine vessels, and aircraft. Infurther examples, the sources of the pollutants can result fromcontrolled burn practices in agriculture and forest management. It isnoted that these are only some examples of pollutant sources that can bemeasured using the above Gaussian model. Any source of pollution can bedetected, as long as they are detectable by the air pollution sensors15. The estimation of the pollutant source may be done by means of modelreduction and optimization. Specifically, model reduction techniques areused to solve the PDE, and optimization techniques are used to determinethe pollution source parameters.

In some embodiments, the methods, systems, and computer program productsdisclosed herein can detect the presence of gas leaks, e.g., natural gasleaks and propane gas leaks. In other embodiments, the methods, systems,and computer program products disclosed herein can be used to calibratefixed sensors that are employed to measure air pollution.

FIG. 6. depicts one embodiment of another aspect of the presentdisclosure. FIG. 6 depicts one embodiment of a system 900 fordetermining the source of an air pollutant that includes a network 30for receiving pollution data from a plurality of stationary motorvehicles 10 at different air quality measuring locations, wherein thepollution data is provided by a plurality of sensors 15 integrated intothe stationary motor vehicles 10. The motor vehicles 10 and airpollutant sensors 15, as well as the network 30, have been describedabove with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5. The system may further includepollutant source localization device 35 that is configured to calculatefrom the pollution data an origin, i.e., pollution source, of an airpollutant.

In one embodiment, the pollutant source localization device 35 includesone or more processors 918 and memory 916 for storing applications,modules and other data. In one example, the one or more processors 918and memory 916 may be components of a computer, in which the memory maybe random access memory (RAM), a program memory (preferably a writableread-only memory (ROM) such as a flash ROM) or a combination thereof.The computer may also include an input/output (I/O) controller coupledby a CPU bus. The computer may optionally include a hard drivecontroller, which is coupled to a hard disk and CPU bus. Hard disk maybe used for storing application programs, such as some embodiments ofthe present disclosure, and data. Alternatively, application programsmay be stored in RAM or ROM. I/O controller is coupled by means of anI/O bus to an I/O interface. I/O interface receives and transmits datain analog or digital form over communication links such as a seriallink, local area network, wireless link, and parallel link.

The system 900 may include one or more displays 914 for viewing. Thedisplays 914 may permit a user to interact with the system 900 and itscomponents and functions. This may be further facilitated by a userinterface 920, which may include a mouse, joystick, or any otherperipheral or control to permit user interaction with the system 900and/or its devices, and may be further facilitated by a controller 912.It should be understood that the components and functions of the system900 may be integrated into one or more systems or workstations. Thedisplay 914, a keyboard and a pointing device (mouse) may also beconnected to I/O bus of the computer. Alternatively, separateconnections (separate buses) may be used for I/O interface, display,keyboard and pointing device. Programmable processing system may bepreprogrammed or it may be programmed (and reprogrammed) by downloadinga program from another source (e.g., a floppy disk, CD-ROM, or anothercomputer).

The system 900 may receive input data 902. The input data 902 may be thepollution data measured by the plurality of air pollution sensors 15integrated with the motor vehicles 10 that is in communication with thepollutant source localization device 35 across the network 30, asdepicted in FIG. 4. Referring back to FIG. 6, the pollution data may beemployed as input 906 to a plurality of modules 901, 902 of thepollutant source localization device 35, which may include a pollutiondata receiving module 901 and a pollutant source localization module902. The system 900 may produce output data 922, which can be the sourceof a pollutant measured from the sensors as calculated in the pollutantsource localization module 902. In one embodiment, data related to thesource of the pollutant calculated by the pollutant source localizationmodule 902 may be displayed on one or more display devices 914. Itshould be noted that while the above configuration is illustrativelydepicted, it is contemplated that other sorts of configurations may alsobe employed according to the present principles.

In one embodiment, the pollution data receiving module 901 is configuredto receive and store all the pollutant data from the plurality of airpollution sensors of the plurality of motor vehicles. The pollution datareceiving module 901 may sort and store data related to pollutioncomposition, pollution concentration, location of sensor measuring thepollution composition and time at which the sensor measured thepollution data. The pollution data receiving module 901 may also sortand store data on the ambient, in which the air pollution measurementswere made, which can include temperature, humidity and wind speed. Thedata sorted and stored by the pollution data receiving module istransmitted to the pollutant source localization module 902 forcalculation of a pollutant source.

In one embodiment, the pollutant source localization module 902 isconfigured to calculate the source of pollutants measured from thenetwork of sensors that are connected to motor vehicles. In someexamples, the pollutant source localization module 902 can determine thesource of a pollutant using the data sorted by the pollution datareceiving module 901 into an air pollution model, such as a Gaussianmodel describing the diffusion and advection of gasses carryingpollutants. For example, using the air pollution model, an estimateconcentration of a pollutant over a full domain, or estimate of thelocation of the pollution source can be calculated. In some embodiments,the estimation may be provided by a model reduction and robust nonlinearcontrol methods for partial differential equations. Further details onthe use of the air pollution model, e.g., Gaussian model, as employed bythe pollutant source localization module 902 to calculate the locationof pollution sources has been described above in the description of step104 of the process flow for the method illustrated in FIG. 5.

In some embodiments, the methods, systems and computer program productsdisclosed herein provide a sensor network, i.e., a network of airpollution sensor mounted to motor vehicles that is more pervasive thanprior fixed air-quality sensor networks. For example, by using themethods, systems and computer program products disclosed herein, therequirement to deploy fixed sensors across a city that air pollutantsare to be measured from can be eliminated, because air pollution sensorscan be mounted to motor vehicles that can be switched on, once the motorvehicle is stationary, i.e., parked. Typically, parked cars provide amore precise GPS location for air pollution measurements, when comparedwith the air pollution measurements taken from moving cars. Further, thepollution measurements provided by the methods, systems and computerprogram products disclosed herein are more robust when compared to priorair pollution measurement systems. The robustness is at least partiallydue to the potentially large number of air pollution sensor equippedmotor vehicles that may be integrated into the network, which canprovide data redundancy. In some embodiments, the systems, methods, andcomputer program products that are disclosed herein may be integratedwith existing the existing fixed air quality sensor infrastructure thatis employed by a location.

Having described preferred embodiments of a system and method andcomputer program product for determining the source of air pollutantsusing sensors mounted to motor vehicles, it is noted that modificationsand variations can be made by persons skilled in the art in light of theabove teachings. It is therefore to be understood that changes may bemade in the particular embodiments disclosed which are within the scopeof the invention as outlined by the appended claims. Having thusdescribed aspects of the invention, with the details and particularityrequired by the patent laws, what is claimed and desired protected byLetters Patent is set forth in the appended claims.

1-9. (canceled)
 10. A system for determining the source of an airpollutant comprising: a network for receiving pollution data on at leastone air pollutant from a plurality of stationary motor vehicles atdifferent air quality measuring locations, wherein said pollution datais provided by a plurality of sensors integrated into the stationarymotor vehicles, wherein said plurality of sensors include at least onepollution sensor that is integrated with a GPS system of the motorvehicle; and a pollutant source localization device including at leastone hardware processor that is configured to produce an air pollutionmodel describing at least one of diffusion and advection of gasses,wherein integrating the pollution data into the air pollution modelprovides an origin of a pollutant source for the at least one airpollutant.
 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the air pollutant isselected from the group consisting of natural gas, sulfur oxide (SOx),sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx), nitrogen dioxide (NO2),sulfuric acid (H2SO4), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2),volatile organic compounds (VOCs), methane (CH4), non-methane volatileorganic compounds (NMVOCs), particulate matter (PM), atmosphericparticulate matter, fine particles, persistent free radicals, toxicmetals, mercury, lead, chlorofluorocarbons, ammonia, propane, smog(black carbon) and combinations thereof.
 12. The system of claim 10,wherein the pollution data includes at least one of pollutantcomposition, pollutant concentration, time of pollutant measurement bysaid at least one air pollution sensor, location of said at least oneair pollution sensor during a measurement to provide the pollution data,and wind speed.
 13. The system of claim 10, wherein the at least one airpollution sensor comprises an active element selected from the groupconsisting of an electrochemical cell, a metal oxide semiconductor, UVadsorption active element, light scattering sensor element, andcombinations thereof.
 14. (canceled)
 15. The system of claim 10, whereinthe at least one motor vehicle is selected from the group consisting ofcars, trucks, motorcycles, boats, aircraft and a combination thereof.16. The system of claim 10, wherein the determining of the origin of theair pollutant from said pollution data by the pollutant sourcelocalization device includes a partial differential equation (PDE)describing diffusion and advection of gasses carrying pollutants. 17.The system of claim 16, wherein the PDE model comprises:∂C/∂t+u ∂C/∂x+v ∂C/∂y+w ∂C/∂z=K_x (∂̂2C)/

∂x

̂2+K_y (∂̂2C)/

∂y

̂2+K_Z (∂̂2C)/

∂z

̂2 wherein C is a scalar concentration field, x, y, z are spacedimensions, t is a time dimension, u, v and w are wind speed velocitiesin x-, y- and z-directions respectively, and Kx, Ky, Kz are diffusioncoefficients.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the pollutant sourcebeing localized is a natural gas leak from a gas pipe.
 19. Anon-transitory computer readable storage medium comprising a computerreadable program for determining a source of air pollution, wherein thecomputer readable program when executed on a computer causes thecomputer to perform the steps of: receiving pollution data from anetwork in communication with at least one air pollution sensor that isconnected to at least one motor vehicle in a stationary position, eachstationary motor vehicle in the network is positioned at a different airpollution measurement location; and determining from the pollution dataa location of a pollutant source from the pollution data using an airpollution model provided by a pollutant source localization deviceincluding at least one hardware processor.
 20. The non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium of claim 19, wherein the air pollutantis selected from the group consisting of sulfur oxide (SOx), sulfurdioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfuricacid (H2SO4), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), volatileorganic compounds (VOCs), methane (CH4), non-methane volatile organiccompounds (NMVOCs), particulate matter (PM), atmospheric particulatematter, fine particles, persistent free radicals, toxic metals, mercury,lead, chlorofluorocarbons, ammonia, natural gas, propane, smog (blackcarbon) and combinations thereof.